Element identity
Atomic number, symbol, relative atomic mass display and periodic position are established reference data.
Atomic / electronic model
Ground-state electron configuration and atomic reference values are compiled/evaluated data; orbital graphics are teaching probability models, not photographs.
Material / molecular structure
The displayed ordinary structure is based on established material or molecular science; simplified viewers are labelled as teaching schematics where exact crystallographic coordinates are not rendered.
Temperature / phase path
Transition values are reference/evaluated values for the stated teaching path; pressure, purity and allotropy can matter.
Geography
Real pins use reviewed place/dataset context. Conceptual layers are used when country pins would imply false occurrence, unsafe inventory or an incomplete global distribution.
The lens describes evidence status, not confidence theatre. “Unknown” is kept unknown, and teaching schematics are not presented as direct measurements.
Titanium (Ti)
Titanium is element 22, a strong, corrosion-resistant transition metal with unusually high strength for its density. Its room-temperature α phase is HCP, while heating pure titanium to about 1155 K produces the β BCC phase before melting.
Titanium atomic number, mass, electron configuration and key properties
Titanium: quick answers
How many protons, neutrons and electrons does titanium have?
Titanium’s atomic number is 22, so every titanium atom has 22 protons, and a neutral atom also has 22 electrons. Its most common natural isotope, titanium-48, has 26 neutrons (other isotopes have different neutron counts).
What is the symbol for titanium?
The chemical symbol for titanium is Ti.
Is titanium a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature?
Titanium is a solid at room temperature (about 25 °C).
What family (group) is titanium in?
Titanium is a transition metal, in group 4, period 4 of the periodic table.
What is the electron configuration of titanium?
The ground-state electron configuration of titanium is [Ar] 3d² 4s².
From atomic number to chemistry
Read these as a chain of causes, not as isolated facts. Each step links to the concept hub if you want the underlying idea explained.
Twenty-two protons define titanium.
Titanium is an early 3d transition metal with d and s electrons involved in chemistry.
Titanium sits between scandium and vanadium with zirconium below it.
Five stable isotopes make up natural titanium.
Pure titanium changes crystal structure before melting.
Titanium in its period and family
Titanium is a Group 4, Period 4 d-block metal between scandium and vanadium. Its early-transition-metal electron structure supports several oxidation states, with +4 especially important in compounds such as TiO₂.
Titanium Visual Lab
Decode titanium’s tile, rotate a ⁴⁸Ti teaching nucleus and HCP α-titanium cell, inspect occupied 4s and named 3d orbital models, then connect titanium to rutile/ilmenite, aerospace alloys, implants, corrosion resistance and the α↔β structural transition.
Every mark points to one exact feature
The numbered markers explain the same information system used throughout Element Lookup. Unknown or predicted fields remain visibly labelled rather than being replaced with guesses.
Titanium in one minute
Atomic number 22 means every titanium nucleus contains 22 protons.
The neutral ground-state reference is [Ar] 3d² 4s².
Pure titanium is HCP (α-Ti) near room temperature and becomes BCC (β-Ti) near 1155 K at ambient pressure.
⁴⁸Ti is the most abundant natural titanium isotope.
Most titanium consumption is in TiO₂ products, while titanium metal is valuable where low density, strength and corrosion resistance matter.
Shell rings organize electron counts. They are not electron trajectories or orbital shapes.
2 · 8 · 10 · 2 electrons
The occupied 4s model and two named 3d angular forms are shown separately. A 3d subshell contains five spatial orbitals; 3d z² and 3d xy are representative members rather than ‘the’ shape of all 3d electrons. These are isolated-atom probability models, not bands in solid titanium.
Pure titanium is hexagonal close-packed near room temperature (P6₃/mmc) and transforms to β-Ti BCC near 1155 K at ambient pressure. The viewer is evidence-aware: measured structures are identified as such; unknown bulk structures stay unknown.
Teaching visualization; not a literal finite sample or thermal trajectory.What this model does—and does not—show
The occupied 4s model and two named 3d angular forms are shown separately. A 3d subshell contains five spatial orbitals; 3d z² and 3d xy are representative members rather than ‘the’ shape of all 3d electrons. These are isolated-atom probability models, not bands in solid titanium.
Where do I meet titanium?
Clickable learning cards connect the element to materials, environment, technology, biology or research - depending on what the evidence actually supports.
Aerospace
Titanium alloys combine high strength-to-weight ratio, fatigue performance and temperature capability in aircraft and spacecraft structures and engines.
Crystal transition + passivation explain titanium’s materials identity
Titanium combines a solid-state α↔β transition with a protective oxide film that strongly shapes real-world performance.
HCP solid
Near room temperature titanium is in the α phase with a hexagonal close-packed structure.
Titanium, zirconium and hafnium
Group 4 metals share strong +4 chemistry and similar structural themes, while mass, density and relativistic effects change down the column.
| Config. | [Ar] 3d² 4s² |
|---|---|
| Room structure | HCP |
| Density | 4.506 g/cm³ |
| Period | 5 |
|---|---|
| Context | 4d Group 4 metal |
| Period | 6 |
|---|---|
| Context | 5d heavy Group 4 metal |
Titanium properties: atomic, physical, thermal and chemical
Categories follow the science of this element rather than a fixed decorative template. Each row carries condition/provenance context and an evidence label; unknown values stay unknown.
| Property | Value | Context / provenance | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atomic number | 22 | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Relative atomic mass | 47.867 | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Ground-state electron configuration | [Ar] 3d² 4s² | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Group / period / block | Group 4 · Period 4 · d-block | Periodic-table placement | Evaluated |
| Electronegativity | 1.54 | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Reference isotope | ⁴⁸Ti | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Property | Value | Context / provenance | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| State context | Solid metal at 20 °C | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Density | 4.506 g/cm³ | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Material / molecular structure | α-Ti · HCP | Pure titanium is hexagonal close-packed near room temperature (P6₃/mmc) and transforms to β-Ti BCC near 1155 K at ambient pressure | Measured |
| Classification | Transition metal | Periodic-table / chemistry classification | Evaluated |
| Structure-model scope | Pure titanium is hexagonal close-packed near room temperature (P6₃/mmc) and transforms to β-Ti BCC near 1155 K at ambient pressure | Teaching visualization; exact crystallographic coordinates are not implied unless stated. | Reviewed |
| Property | Value | Context / provenance | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Melting / transition reference | 1943 K | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Boiling / gas reference | 3560 K | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Phase-path context | At approximately ambient pressure, pure titanium is α-HCP below about 1155 K, β-BCC from about 1155 K to the 1943 K melting point, liquid to about 3560 K, and gaseous above. High-pressure titanium phases are outside this temperature-only teaching track. | Shared phase registry drives the slider, regions and markers. | Evaluated |
| Condition warning | Temperature and pressure define phase behavior; purity/allotropy may matter. | Teaching condition statement | Reviewed |
| Property | Value | Context / provenance | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ordinary electrical behavior | Metallic conductor | Qualitative bulk behavior; exact resistivity depends on temperature, purity and alloy state. | Measured |
| Conduction model | Collective solid-state electrons | Do not interpret isolated-atom orbital clouds as literal current paths. | Reviewed |
| Surface / compound caveat | Oxides, salts and alloys can behave differently from the pure metal | Material context | Reviewed |
| Engineering values | Condition-dependent | Use condition-specific materials data for engineering calculations. | Reviewed |
| Property | Value | Context / provenance | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Common oxidation states | +4 common; +3 also important | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Ion / common ion context | Ti⁴⁺ | Source-reviewed; see Sources below | Evaluated |
| Periodic chemistry context | Titanium is a Group 4, Period 4 d-block metal between scandium and vanadium. Its early-transition-metal electron structure supports several oxidation states, with +4 especially important in compounds such as TiO₂. | Element-specific interpretation | Reviewed |
| Chemistry caution | Elemental form, ions and compounds are distinct chemical objects. | Interpretive teaching rule | Reviewed |
| Property | Value | Context / provenance | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| ⁴⁸Ti | Stable · ≈73.7% natural abundance | The dominant natural titanium isotope; 22 protons and 26 neutrons. | Evaluated |
| ⁴⁶Ti / ⁴⁷Ti | Stable · minor natural isotopes | Together they contribute a significant minority of natural titanium. | Evaluated |
| ⁴⁹Ti / ⁵⁰Ti | Stable · minor natural isotopes | Five stable isotopes make up natural titanium. | Evaluated |
| Teaching nucleus | ⁴⁸Ti · 22 protons + 26 neutrons | Reference isotope used in the nucleus model | Reviewed |
Is Titanium a solid, liquid or gas? State at temperature
At approximately ambient pressure, pure titanium is α-HCP below about 1155 K, β-BCC from about 1155 K to the 1943 K melting point, liquid to about 3560 K, and gaseous above. High-pressure titanium phases are outside this temperature-only teaching track.
Where on Earth is Titanium found or produced?
Who discovered Titanium, and when?
William Gregor analyzed black sand from Cornwall and recognized the oxide of an unknown metal.
Martin Heinrich Klaproth confirmed the element and named it titanium after the Titans of Greek mythology.
Matthew Hunter produced high-purity titanium metal using a chemical reduction route.
The Kroll process enabled industrial titanium production and helped establish aerospace and corrosion-resistant applications.
From titanium minerals to metal and TiO₂: a high-level materials path
Titanium occurs mainly in minerals such as ilmenite and rutile rather than as native metal.
Mineral processing upgrades titanium-bearing feedstocks for pigment or metal-production routes.
Titanium metal production uses chemical conversion and reduction steps because oxygen and nitrogen strongly affect hot titanium; this page keeps the route conceptual.
Metal enters alloys and fabricated products, while TiO₂ follows a separate high-volume pigment/materials chain.
What is titanium used for?
Aerospace alloys
Titanium alloys are used where high strength, relatively low density and temperature/corrosion performance justify their cost.
Medical implants
Titanium and selected alloys are widely used for orthopedic and dental implants.
Marine and chemical equipment
Corrosion resistance supports heat exchangers, desalination and chemical-process equipment.
TiO₂ products
Titanium dioxide is a major white pigment used in paints, plastics, paper and other materials.
Titanium isotopes and natural abundance
⁴⁸Ti
Stable · ≈73.7% natural abundanceThe dominant natural titanium isotope; 22 protons and 26 neutrons.
⁴⁶Ti / ⁴⁷Ti
Stable · minor natural isotopesTogether they contribute a significant minority of natural titanium.
⁴⁹Ti / ⁵⁰Ti
Stable · minor natural isotopesFive stable isotopes make up natural titanium.
Five-question Titanium check
What is titanium’s atomic number?
What is pure titanium’s room-temperature crystal structure?
What happens near 1155 K at ambient pressure?
Which isotope dominates natural titanium?
Which statement is correct?
Titanium questions students commonly ask
Each answer starts with the direct fact, then explains the chemistry, evidence or material context so the result is understandable rather than merely memorized.
What is titanium?
Short answer: Titanium is chemical element 22, a Group 4 transition metal.
Atomic number 22 means every titanium nucleus contains 22 protons. In the periodic table, Titanium is classified here as a transition metal in Period 4 and Group 4. Titanium is a Group 4, Period 4 d-block metal between scandium and vanadium. Its early-transition-metal electron structure supports several oxidation states, with +4 especially important in compounds such as TiO₂.
Key point: Ti is element 22; its periodic position and electron structure explain the rest of the page.
What is titanium used for?
Short answer: Important uses include aerospace alloys, medical implants, marine/chemical equipment and, through TiO₂, pigments and functional coatings.
Aerospace alloys: Titanium alloys are used where high strength, relatively low density and temperature/corrosion performance justify their cost. Medical implants: Titanium and selected alloys are widely used for orthopedic and dental implants. Titanium metal and titanium dioxide are not interchangeable. The metal drives aerospace, marine and implant applications; TiO₂ is the much larger-volume pigment and functional material used in paints and other products.
Key point: Always distinguish the pure element from the compound, alloy, isotope or device material that actually performs the application.
What color is titanium?
Short answer: Clean titanium metal is silvery-grey with metallic luster; surface oxide films can also produce interference colors.
The ordinary elemental-material description used here is: Solid metal at 20 °C. 1910 Matthew Hunter produced high-purity titanium metal using a chemical reduction route.
Key point: Elemental appearance can differ from the colors of its ions, compounds, oxide films or host materials.
Does titanium conduct electricity?
Short answer: Yes, titanium metal conducts electricity, although less strongly than highly conductive metals such as copper.
Titanium is a Group 4, Period 4 d-block metal between scandium and vanadium. Its early-transition-metal electron structure supports several oxidation states, with +4 especially important in compounds such as TiO₂. Most titanium consumption is in TiO₂ products, while titanium metal is valuable where low density, strength and corrosion resistance matter.
Key point: The mechanism matters: connect the observed behavior to electron structure, bonding, phase or the specific material form rather than memorizing the result alone.
Where is titanium found?
Short answer: It is widespread in rocks and occurs in minerals including ilmenite and rutile; industrial supply comes from mineral concentrates rather than native titanium metal.
Titanium occurs mainly in minerals such as ilmenite and rutile rather than as native metal. The Geography Explorer keeps natural occurrence separate from resources, industrial production and recycling, because those datasets answer different questions about titanium.
Key point: Natural occurrence, resources, production and recycling are different geography questions.
What happens to titanium near 1155 K?
Short answer: At ambient pressure pure titanium transforms from the low-temperature α-HCP structure to the high-temperature β-BCC structure.
Pure titanium is hexagonal close-packed near room temperature (P6₃/mmc) and transforms to β-Ti BCC near 1155 K at ambient pressure. Pure titanium is HCP (α-Ti) near room temperature and becomes BCC (β-Ti) near 1155 K at ambient pressure.
Key point: Use the direct answer together with the material, isotope and evidence context shown elsewhere on the page.
Scientific sources for Titanium
- Royal Society of Chemistry - Titanium
- NIST - Atomic Data for Titanium
- USGS - Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026
- WebElements - Titanium crystal structure
Questions to ask next about Titanium
A good element lesson should lead to the next useful question, not end after a list of facts.
Found an error, something unclear, or a missing topic?
Tell us what you noticed. Feedback goes to a private review queue and is never published automatically.